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执辔_孔子家语

章节: 执辔
书名: 孔子家语
类目: 子部
原作者:
朝代:
写作年代: 约公元前102年  至  公元后269年
视频: 执辔_孔子家语
音频: 执辔_孔子家语
新国学:
  閔子騫為費宰,問政於孔子.子曰:「以德以法.夫德法者,御民之具,猶御馬之有銜勒也.君者,人也,吏者,轡也,刑者,策也,夫人君之政,執其轡策而已.」子騫曰:「敢問古之為政.」孔子曰:「古者天子以內史為左右手,以德法為銜勒,以百官為轡,以刑罰為策,以萬民為馬,故御天下數百年而不失.善御馬正銜勒,齊轡策,均馬力,和馬心,故口無聲而馬應轡,策不舉而極千里;善御民,壹其德法,正其百官,以均齊民力,和安民心,故令不再而民順從,刑不用而天下治.是以天地德之,而兆民懷之,夫天地之所德,兆民之所懷,其政美,其民而眾稱之.今人言五帝三王者,其盛無偶,威察若存,其故何也?其法盛,其德厚,故思其德,必稱其人,朝夕祝之,升聞於天,上帝俱歆用永厥世而豐其年.不能御民者,棄其德法,專用刑辟,譬猶御馬,棄其銜勒而專用箠策,其不制也,可必矣.夫無銜勒而用箠策,馬必傷,車必敗;無德法而用刑,民必流,國必亡.治國而無德法,則民無脩,民無脩則迷惑失道,如此上帝必以其為亂天道也.苟亂天道,則刑罰暴,上下相諛,莫知念忠,俱無道故也.今人言惡者,必比之於桀紂,其故何也?其法不聽,其德不厚,故民惡其殘虐,莫不吁嗟,朝夕祝之,升聞于天,上帝不蠲,降之以禍罰,災害並生,用殄厥世.故曰德法者御民之本.古之御天下者,以六官總治焉,冢宰之官以成道,司徒之官以成德,宗伯之官以成仁,司馬之官以成聖,司寇之官以成義,司空之官以成禮.六官在手以為轡,均仁以為納,故曰御四馬者執六轡,御天下者正六官.是故善御馬者正身以總轡,均馬力,齊馬心,回旋曲折,唯其所之,故可以取長道,可赴急疾,此聖人所以御天地與人事之法則也.天子以內史為左右手,以六官為轡,已而與三公為執六官,均五教,齊五法.故亦唯其所引,無不如志,以之道則國治,以之德則國安,以之仁則國和,以之聖則國平,以之禮則國安,以之義則國義,此御政之術.過失人之情,莫不有焉,過而改之,是為不過.故官屬不理,分職不明,法政不一,百事失紀曰亂,亂則飭冢宰;地而不殖,財物不蕃,萬民饑寒,教訓不行,風俗淫僻,人民流散曰危,危則飭司徒;父子不親,長幼失序,君臣上下,乖離異志曰不和,不和則飭宗伯;賢能而失官爵,功勞而失賞祿,士卒疾怨,兵弱不用曰不平,不平則飭司馬;刑罰暴亂,姦邪不勝曰不義,不義則飭司寇;度量不審,舉事失理,都鄙不脩,財物失所曰貧,貧則飭司空.故御者同是車馬,或以取千里,或不及數百里,其所謂進退緩急,異也.夫治者同是官法,或以致平,或以致亂者,亦其所以為進退緩急異也.古者天子常以季冬考德正法,以觀治亂,德盛者治也,德薄者亂也.故天子考德,則天下之治亂,可坐廟堂之上而知之,夫德盛則法修,德不盛則飭,法與政咸德而不衰.故曰王者又以孟春論之德及功能.能德法者為有德,能行德法者為有行,能成德法者為有功,能治德法者為有智.故天子論吏而德法行,事治而功成,夫季冬正法,孟春論吏,治國之要.」

 
  子夏問於孔子曰:「商聞易之生人及萬物,鳥獸昆蟲,各有奇耦,氣分不同,而凡人莫知其情,唯達德者能原其本焉.天一,地二,人三,三如九,九九八十一,一主日,日數十,故人十月而生;八九七十二,偶以從奇,奇主辰,辰為月,月主馬,故馬十二月而生;七九六十三,三主斗,斗主狗,故狗三月而生;六九五十四,四主時,時主豕,故豕四月而生;四九三十六,六為律,律主鹿,故鹿六月而生;三九二十七,七主星,星主虎,故虎七月而生;二九一十八,八主風,風為蟲,故蟲八月而生;其餘各從其類矣.鳥魚生陰而屬於陽,故皆卵生.魚遊於水,鳥遊於雲,故立冬則燕雀入海化為蛤.蠶食而不飲,蟬飲而不食,蜉蝣不飲不食,萬物之所以不同.介鱗夏食而冬蟄,齕吞者八竅而卵生,齟<齒爵>者九竅而胎生,四足者無羽翼,戴角者無上齒,無角無前齒者膏,無角無後齒者脂,晝生者類父,夜生者似母,是以至陰主牝,至陽主牡.敢問其然乎?」孔子曰:「然,吾昔聞老聃亦如汝之言.」子夏曰:「商聞山書曰:『地東西為緯,南北為經,山為積德,川為積刑,高者為生,下者為死,丘陵為牡,谿谷為牝,蚌蛤龜珠,與日月而盛虛.是故堅土之人剛,弱土之人柔,墟土之人大,沙土之人細,息土之人美,<土毛>土之人醜.食水者善遊而耐寒,食土者無心而不息,食木者多力而不治,食草者善走而愚,食桑者有緒而蛾,食肉者勇毅而捍,食氣者神明而壽,食穀者智惠而巧,不食者不死而神.故曰羽蟲三百有六十,而鳳為之長;毛蟲三百有六十,而麟為之長;甲蟲三百有六十,而龜為之長;鱗蟲三百有六十而龍為之長;倮蟲三百有六十而人為之長.此乾巛之美也.』殊形異類之數,王者動必以道動,靜必以道靜,必順理以奉天地之性,而不害其所主,謂之仁聖焉?」子夏言終而出,子貢進曰:「商之論也何如?」孔子曰:「汝謂何也?」對曰:「微則微矣,然則非治世之待也.」孔子曰:「然,各其所能.」

  • New Sinology Title:
    Hold language of home of bridle _ Confucius

    New Sinology Chapter:
    Hold bridle

    New Sinology BookName:
    Confucius home language

    New Sinology Catalog:
    Child ministry

    New Sinology Content:

    Zuo child Zuo Zuo is slaughtered, politics Wu Kongzi. Child say: " with heart with the law. Husband heart law person, of drive civilian, of drive Zuo Zuo is strapped also. Gentleman person, person also, official person, Zuo also, punishment person, plan also, madam Jun Zhi politics, plan of its Zuo just. " child Zuo says: " dare of Gu Zhi politics. " Confucius says: " ancient person the emperor with history valuable assistant, strap with Zuo of heart law , with Zuo of 100 officials , with plan of punishment Li , with Qu civilian Zuo , of reason drive the world hundred years and do not break. Zuo of drive of be apt to Zuo is strapped, Zuo Zuo plan, all Zuo force, with Zuo heart, Long of reason mouth and Zuo Zuo , plan not Ning and a thousand li; Drive of be apt to civilian, one its heart law, its 100 officials, with all Zuo financial resources of the people, and install common feelings of people, reason makes no longer and civilian Zuo , punishment need not and the world is treated. Be with heart of heaven and earth, and of million civilian , the place heart of husband heaven and earth, the place of million civilian, its politics beauty, its civilian and of Bao Er . Today person character 5 emperor 3 Wang Zhe, its fill idol, if power examine is put, its reason He Ye? Its law is filled, its heart is thick, reason Sai Jide, surely Er its person, a very short time wishs, rise Long Wu Tian, all Xin uses god to always his or her world and Zuo its year. Cannot drive civilian person, law of its heart, monarchs with punishment, Zuo of example drive, its Zuo is strapped and uses Geng strategy, its are not made also, can need. Husband Zuo is strapped and use Geng strategy, Zuo needs , Zuo needs ; heart law and with punishment, civilian flow surely, dies surely. Treat and heart law, Man of civilian , of civilian Man puzzles break, such god needs with its day also. Careless day, punishment Li is cruel, fluctuation photograph Zha , mo Zhi reads aloud faithful, reason of all path also. Today person character person, the Wu Jie Ji that compares surely, its reason He Ye? Its law not Long , its heart is not thick, cruel of its of reason civilian , there's no one who doesn't or isn't sighs lament, a very short time wishs, rise Long Yu Tian, sacred not Juan, fall with Dai Li , kills to be born, with extirpate faint world. Friend says heart law person of drive civilian this. Ancient drive the world person, treat Yan with 6 officials Jun , the Guan Yicheng that grave slaughters, guan Yicheng heart of Situ, zong Baizhi's official in order to die for a righteous cause, guan Yicheng Long of Si Zuo , the Guan Yicheng Li of department bandit, the Guan Yicheng Die of department sky. 6 officials are in hand with Zuo , all benevolence with Ji , friend says drive 4 Zuo person 6 Zuo of , drive the world person 6 officials. Zuo of drive of hereat be apt to person personally with Jun Zuo , all Zuo force, Zuo Zuo heart, whirly and labyrinthian, only of its place, reason can take Zuo course, can go to urgent disease, this Long person so the law of human affairs of Ning of drive heaven and earth also. The emperor with history valuable assistant, with Zuo of 6 officials , soon Ning 6 officials of of 3 fair , all 5 religion, 5 laws of Zuo . What its bring reason Yi Wei, is inferior to annals, with path is treated, with heart is installed, with benevolence and, with Long is smooth, with Die is installed, with Li of Li , this drive politics Xiao . Zuo loses the person's favour, there's no one who doesn't or isn't has Yan, Zuo and change, it is not Zuo . Friend official is paid no attention to, cent Long is unidentified, law politics is differ, 100 things break Ji to say , grave of Zuo is slaughtered; The ground and not breed, Zuo content not luxuriant, Qu civilian Zuo is cold, teach Yin to be no good, out-of-the-way of Zuo common excessive, people shedding comes loose to high, apprentice of department of danger Zuo ; Father and son not Yin , Zuo young lose order, jun Chen fluctuates, records of good Zuo says to be not mixed, zong Bai of disaccord Zuo ; Zuo can and Shi Guanjue, result and the Dai that break Zuo , privates disease is complained, soldier is young need not say rough, Zuo of department of rough Zuo ; Punishment Li cruel , evil not says not Li , not bandit of department of Li Zuo ; Magnanimity not , Ning thing loses put in order, despise not Man , Zuo content breaks place to say Zuo , department of Zuo Zuo is empty. Reason drive person it is Zuo Zuo together, or in order to take a long distance, or not as good as a hunderd li, Zuo of its place Zheng retreats Jin urgent, also. The person that the husband is treated is government-owned law together, or as a result is smooth, or of as a result person, also its so Zuo retreats Jin urgent also. Ancient person the emperor often takes an examination of heart execute with Ji Dong, treat with Yin , the heart person that fill is treated also, favor is small person also. Reason the emperor is taken an examination of heart, of the world treat , can sit over hall and know, husband heart fills law to repair, heart do not fill Zuo , law Ning Zheng Xiande and do not decline. Friend says Wang Zhe the heart with Meng Chun Zha and function. Can heart law person has heart, can go heart law person has row, have rendered great service of of the person that can become heart law, of the person that can administer heart law has wisdom. Official of Zha of reason the emperor and heart law goes, the thing is treated and result into, execute of husband season winter, official of Meng Chun Zha , treat should. "

     
    Child summerly Wu Kongzi says: " the stranger with business easy Long and Qu content, Xi of Zuo elder brother, each have strange Ou, cent is different, and laic Mo Zhi its affection, only Zuo heart person can former its this Yan. Day one, the ground 2, person 3, 3 like 9, ninety-nine thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, one advocate day, day 10, old friend October and unripe; Eighty-nine thousand six hundred and ninety-two, surprise with occasionally, strange advocate celestial bodies, month of celestial bodies , month advocate Zuo , reason Zuo in December and unripe; Seventy-nine thousand five hundred and ninety-three, 3 advocate bottle, fight advocate dog, reason dog in March and unripe; Sixty-nine thousand four hundred and ninety-four, 4 advocate , advocate pig, reason pigs in April and unripe; Forty-nine thousand two hundred and ninety-six, 6 law, law advocate deer, reason Lu Liuyue and unripe; Thirty-nine thousand one hundred and ninety-seven, 7 primary, star advocate tiger, reason tiger in July and unripe; Twenty-nine thousand and ninety-eight, 8 advocate Zuo , Zuo Xi , reason Xi in August and unripe; Its Zuo of its Zuo each . Zuo Zuo gives birth to Zuo and at Zuo , reason is all oviparous. Zuo Zuo Wu Shui, Zuo Zuo at Zuo , brambling of of reason the Beginning of Winter changes clam into the sea. Xiao is fed and not Zuo , Xi Zuo and do not feed, mayfly not Zuo is not fed, Qu content differs. Interpose Zuo summer is fed and wintry Xi , the person that Zuo is swallowed 8 Fu and oviparous, > of the rank of nobility of Zuo < Zuo person 9 Fu and viviparous, 4 sufficient person assistant, the Zuo on of the person that wear horn, the Zuo before horn person cream, Zuo of after of horn person fat, father of Zuo of the person that is born, the person that night is born appears a parent, it is down to Zuo advocate female, to Zuo advocate male. Dare its like that? " Confucius says: " like that, old Dan of Long of my former times also is like Ru Zhiyan. " child Xia Yue: " of business Long hill says: "Ground on the west Jin , Jian of of north and south, heart of hill Er , punishment of plain Er , tall person is unripe, of the person that fall is dead, upland male, female of Zuo cereal , mussel clam Zuo bead, Ning life and fill Ta . The person of hereat earth, the person of weak earth is soft, the National People's Congress of ruins earth, the person Ji of sandy soil, the person of breath earth is beautiful, the person Zuo of earth of > of < earth wool. Zuo of be apt to of the person that feed water and cold-resistant, heart of of the person that feed land and do not cease, much power of the person that eat wood and do not treat, kind of the person that eat grass goes and I, feed mulberry person have Jin and moth, feed fleshy Zhe Yongyi and defend, deities of the person that feed and , feed Er Zhe Zhihui and artful, the person that do not feed is not dead and magical. Friend says 300 have a Xi 60, and the Zuo of Zuo ; 300 have wool Xi 60, and the Zuo of Lin ; 300 have armour Xi 60, and the Zuo of Zuo ; 300 have Zuo Xi 60 and the Zuo of Zuo ; 300 have Luo Xi 60 and the Zuo of person . This beauty of male Chuan also. " the of Zuo of different form , wang Zhe needs with path , Zuo needs with path Zuo , need Zuo manages in order to act according to the sex of heaven and earth, and do not kill its place advocate, the benevolence Long Yan of Zheng ? " child Xia Yan Jian and piece, child Zuo Zuo says: " the Zha of business also how about? " Confucius says: " your Zheng He Ye? " says: " small is small, like that of blame times of peace and prosperity wait for also. " Confucius says: " like that, each its can. "
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