非相篇第五_荀子
相人,古之人无有也,学者不道也。古者有姑布子卿,今之世梁有唐举,相人之形状颜色,而知其吉凶妖祥,世俗称之。古之人无有也,学者不道也。故相形不如论心,论心不如择术;形不胜心,心不胜术;术正而心顺之,则形相虽恶而心术善,无害为君子也。形相虽善而心术恶,无害为小人也。君子之谓吉,小人之谓凶。故长短小大,善恶形相,非吉凶也。古之人无有也,学者不道也。
盖帝尧长,帝舜短;文王长,周公短;仲尼长,子弓短。昔者卫灵公有臣曰公孙吕,身长七尺,面长三尺,焉广三寸,鼻目耳具,而名动天下。楚之孙叔敖,期思之鄙人也,突秃长左,轩较之下,而以楚霸。叶公子高,微小短瘠,行若将不胜其衣然。白公之乱也,令尹子西,司马子期,皆死焉,叶公子高入据楚,诛白公,定楚国,如反手尔,仁义功名善于后世。故事不揣长,不揳大,不权轻重,亦将志乎尔。长短大小,美恶形相,岂论也哉!且徐偃王之状,目可瞻马。仲尼之状,面如蒙倛。周公之状,身如断菑。皋陶之状,色如削瓜。闳夭之状,面无见肤。傅说之状,身如植鳍。伊尹之状,面无须麋。禹跳汤偏。尧舜参牟子。从者将论志意,比类文学邪?直将差长短,辨美恶,而相欺傲邪?
古者桀纣长巨姣美,天下之杰也。筋力越劲,百人之敌也,然而身死国亡,为天下大僇,后世言恶,则必稽焉。是非容貌之患也,闻见之不众,议论之卑尔。今世俗之乱君,乡曲之儇子,莫不美丽姚冶,奇衣妇饰,血气态度拟于女子;妇人莫不愿得以为夫,处女莫不愿得以为士,弃其亲家而欲奔之者,比肩并起;然而中君羞以为臣,中父羞以为子,中兄羞以为弟,中人羞以为友;俄则束乎有司,而戮乎大市,莫不呼天啼哭,苦伤其今,而后悔其始,是非容貌之患也,闻见之不众,议论之卑尔!然则,从者将孰可也!
人有三不祥:幼而不肯事长,贱而不肯事贵,不肖而不肯事贤,是人之三不祥也。人有三必穷:为上则不能爱下,为下则好非其上,是人之一必穷也;乡则不若,偝则谩之,是人之二必穷也;知行浅薄,曲直有以相县矣,然而仁人不能推,知士不能明,是人之三必穷也。--人有此三数行者,以为上则必危,为下则必灭。诗曰:“雨雪瀌瀌,宴然聿消,莫肯下隧,式居屡骄。”此之谓也。
人之所以为人者何已也?曰:以其有辨也。饥而欲食,寒而欲暖,劳而欲息,好利而恶害,是人之所生而有也,是无待而然者也,是禹桀之所同也。然则人之所以为人者,非特以二足而无毛也,以其有辨也。今夫狌狌形状亦二足而无毛也,然而君子啜其羹,食其胾。故人之所以为人者,非特以其二足而无毛也,以其有辨也。夫禽兽有父子,而无父子之亲,有牝牡而无男女之别。故人道莫不有辨。
辨莫大于分,分莫大于礼,礼莫大于圣王;圣王有百,吾孰法焉?曰:文久而灭,节族久而绝,守法数之有司,极礼而褫。故曰:欲观圣王之迹,则于其粲然者矣,后王是也。彼后王者,天下之君也;舍后王而道上古,譬之是犹舍己之君,而事人之君也。故曰:欲观千岁,则数今日;欲知亿万,则审一二;欲知上世,则审周道;欲审周道,则审其人所贵君子。故曰:以近知远,以一知万,以微知明,此之谓也。
夫妄人曰:“古今异情,其所以治乱者异道。”而众人惑焉。彼众人者,愚而无说,陋而无度者也。其所见焉,犹可欺也,而况于千世之传也?妄人者,门庭之间,犹可诬欺也,而况于千世之上乎?圣人何以不可欺?曰:圣人者,以己度者也。故以人度人,以情度情,以类度类,以说度功,以道观尽,古今一也。类不悖,虽久同理,故乡乎邪曲而不迷,观乎杂物而不惑,以此度之。五帝之外无传人,非无贤人也,久故也。五帝之中无传政,非无善政也,久故也。禹汤有传政而不若周之察也,非无善政也,久故也。传者久则论略,近则论详,略则举大,详则举小。愚者闻其略而不知其详,闻其详而不知其大也。是以文久而灭,节族久而绝。
凡言不合先王,不顺礼义,谓之奸言;虽辩,君子不听。法先王,顺礼义,党学者,然而不好言,不乐言,则必非诚士也。故君子之于言也,志好之,行安之,乐言之,故君子必辩。凡人莫不好言其所善,而君子为甚。故赠人以言,重于金石珠玉;观人以言,美于黼黻文章;听人以言,乐于钟鼓琴瑟。故君子之于言无厌。鄙夫反是:好其实不恤其文,是以终身不免埤污佣俗。故易曰:“括囊无咎无誉。”腐儒之谓也。
凡说之难,以至高遇至卑,以至治接至乱。未可直至也,远举则病缪,近世则病佣。善者于是间也,亦必远举而不缪,近世而不佣,与时迁徙,与世偃仰,缓急嬴绌,府然若渠匽檃栝之于己也。曲得所谓焉,然而不折伤。故君子之度己则以绳,接人则用抴。度己以绳,故足以为天下法则矣;接人用抴,故能宽容,因众以成天下之大事矣。故君子贤而能容罢,知而能容愚,博而能容浅,粹而能容杂,夫是之谓兼术。诗曰:“徐方既同,天子之功。”此之谓也。
谈说之术:矜庄以莅之,端诚以处之,坚强以持之,譬称以喻之,分别以明之 ,欣驩芬芗以送之,宝之,珍之,贵之,神之。如是则说常无不受。虽不说人,人莫不贵。夫是之谓为能贵其所贵。传曰:“唯君子为能贵其所贵。”此之谓也。
君子必辩。凡人莫不好言其所善,而君子为甚焉。是以小人辩言险,而君子辩言仁也。言而非仁之中也,则其言不若其默也,其辩不若其吶也。言而仁之中也,则好言者上矣,不好言者下也。故仁言大矣:起于上所以道于下,政令是也;起于下所以忠于上,谋救是也。故君子之行仁也无厌、志好之、行安之,乐言之;故言君子必辩。小辩不如见端,见端不如见本分。小辩而察,见端而明,本分而理;圣人士君子之分具矣。有小人之辩者,有士君子之辩者,有圣人之辩者:不先虑,不早谋,发之而当,成文而类,居错迁徙,应变不穷,是圣人之辩者也。先虑之,早谋之,斯须之言而足听,文而致实,博而党正,是士君子之辩者也。听其言则辞辩而无统,用其身则多诈而无功,上不足以顺明王,下不足以和齐百姓,然而口舌之均,应唯则节,足以为奇伟偃却之属,夫是之谓奸人之雄。圣王起,所以先诛也,然后盗贼次之。盗贼得变,此不得变也。
盖帝尧长,帝舜短;文王长,周公短;仲尼长,子弓短。昔者卫灵公有臣曰公孙吕,身长七尺,面长三尺,焉广三寸,鼻目耳具,而名动天下。楚之孙叔敖,期思之鄙人也,突秃长左,轩较之下,而以楚霸。叶公子高,微小短瘠,行若将不胜其衣然。白公之乱也,令尹子西,司马子期,皆死焉,叶公子高入据楚,诛白公,定楚国,如反手尔,仁义功名善于后世。故事不揣长,不揳大,不权轻重,亦将志乎尔。长短大小,美恶形相,岂论也哉!且徐偃王之状,目可瞻马。仲尼之状,面如蒙倛。周公之状,身如断菑。皋陶之状,色如削瓜。闳夭之状,面无见肤。傅说之状,身如植鳍。伊尹之状,面无须麋。禹跳汤偏。尧舜参牟子。从者将论志意,比类文学邪?直将差长短,辨美恶,而相欺傲邪?
古者桀纣长巨姣美,天下之杰也。筋力越劲,百人之敌也,然而身死国亡,为天下大僇,后世言恶,则必稽焉。是非容貌之患也,闻见之不众,议论之卑尔。今世俗之乱君,乡曲之儇子,莫不美丽姚冶,奇衣妇饰,血气态度拟于女子;妇人莫不愿得以为夫,处女莫不愿得以为士,弃其亲家而欲奔之者,比肩并起;然而中君羞以为臣,中父羞以为子,中兄羞以为弟,中人羞以为友;俄则束乎有司,而戮乎大市,莫不呼天啼哭,苦伤其今,而后悔其始,是非容貌之患也,闻见之不众,议论之卑尔!然则,从者将孰可也!
人有三不祥:幼而不肯事长,贱而不肯事贵,不肖而不肯事贤,是人之三不祥也。人有三必穷:为上则不能爱下,为下则好非其上,是人之一必穷也;乡则不若,偝则谩之,是人之二必穷也;知行浅薄,曲直有以相县矣,然而仁人不能推,知士不能明,是人之三必穷也。--人有此三数行者,以为上则必危,为下则必灭。诗曰:“雨雪瀌瀌,宴然聿消,莫肯下隧,式居屡骄。”此之谓也。
人之所以为人者何已也?曰:以其有辨也。饥而欲食,寒而欲暖,劳而欲息,好利而恶害,是人之所生而有也,是无待而然者也,是禹桀之所同也。然则人之所以为人者,非特以二足而无毛也,以其有辨也。今夫狌狌形状亦二足而无毛也,然而君子啜其羹,食其胾。故人之所以为人者,非特以其二足而无毛也,以其有辨也。夫禽兽有父子,而无父子之亲,有牝牡而无男女之别。故人道莫不有辨。
辨莫大于分,分莫大于礼,礼莫大于圣王;圣王有百,吾孰法焉?曰:文久而灭,节族久而绝,守法数之有司,极礼而褫。故曰:欲观圣王之迹,则于其粲然者矣,后王是也。彼后王者,天下之君也;舍后王而道上古,譬之是犹舍己之君,而事人之君也。故曰:欲观千岁,则数今日;欲知亿万,则审一二;欲知上世,则审周道;欲审周道,则审其人所贵君子。故曰:以近知远,以一知万,以微知明,此之谓也。
夫妄人曰:“古今异情,其所以治乱者异道。”而众人惑焉。彼众人者,愚而无说,陋而无度者也。其所见焉,犹可欺也,而况于千世之传也?妄人者,门庭之间,犹可诬欺也,而况于千世之上乎?圣人何以不可欺?曰:圣人者,以己度者也。故以人度人,以情度情,以类度类,以说度功,以道观尽,古今一也。类不悖,虽久同理,故乡乎邪曲而不迷,观乎杂物而不惑,以此度之。五帝之外无传人,非无贤人也,久故也。五帝之中无传政,非无善政也,久故也。禹汤有传政而不若周之察也,非无善政也,久故也。传者久则论略,近则论详,略则举大,详则举小。愚者闻其略而不知其详,闻其详而不知其大也。是以文久而灭,节族久而绝。
凡言不合先王,不顺礼义,谓之奸言;虽辩,君子不听。法先王,顺礼义,党学者,然而不好言,不乐言,则必非诚士也。故君子之于言也,志好之,行安之,乐言之,故君子必辩。凡人莫不好言其所善,而君子为甚。故赠人以言,重于金石珠玉;观人以言,美于黼黻文章;听人以言,乐于钟鼓琴瑟。故君子之于言无厌。鄙夫反是:好其实不恤其文,是以终身不免埤污佣俗。故易曰:“括囊无咎无誉。”腐儒之谓也。
凡说之难,以至高遇至卑,以至治接至乱。未可直至也,远举则病缪,近世则病佣。善者于是间也,亦必远举而不缪,近世而不佣,与时迁徙,与世偃仰,缓急嬴绌,府然若渠匽檃栝之于己也。曲得所谓焉,然而不折伤。故君子之度己则以绳,接人则用抴。度己以绳,故足以为天下法则矣;接人用抴,故能宽容,因众以成天下之大事矣。故君子贤而能容罢,知而能容愚,博而能容浅,粹而能容杂,夫是之谓兼术。诗曰:“徐方既同,天子之功。”此之谓也。
谈说之术:矜庄以莅之,端诚以处之,坚强以持之,譬称以喻之,分别以明之 ,欣驩芬芗以送之,宝之,珍之,贵之,神之。如是则说常无不受。虽不说人,人莫不贵。夫是之谓为能贵其所贵。传曰:“唯君子为能贵其所贵。”此之谓也。
君子必辩。凡人莫不好言其所善,而君子为甚焉。是以小人辩言险,而君子辩言仁也。言而非仁之中也,则其言不若其默也,其辩不若其吶也。言而仁之中也,则好言者上矣,不好言者下也。故仁言大矣:起于上所以道于下,政令是也;起于下所以忠于上,谋救是也。故君子之行仁也无厌、志好之、行安之,乐言之;故言君子必辩。小辩不如见端,见端不如见本分。小辩而察,见端而明,本分而理;圣人士君子之分具矣。有小人之辩者,有士君子之辩者,有圣人之辩者:不先虑,不早谋,发之而当,成文而类,居错迁徙,应变不穷,是圣人之辩者也。先虑之,早谋之,斯须之言而足听,文而致实,博而党正,是士君子之辩者也。听其言则辞辩而无统,用其身则多诈而无功,上不足以顺明王,下不足以和齐百姓,然而口舌之均,应唯则节,足以为奇伟偃却之属,夫是之谓奸人之雄。圣王起,所以先诛也,然后盗贼次之。盗贼得变,此不得变也。
Blame photograph piece Xun Zi of the 5th _ New Sinology Chapter: Blame photograph piece the 5th New Sinology BookName: Xun Zi New Sinology Catalog: Child ministry New Sinology Content: Photograph person, ancient person is not had have also, the scholar also. Ancient person cloth having father's sister child dear, today world bridge has Tang Ju, the shape color of photograph person, and know evil spirit of its good or ill luck auspicious, say after the flesh. Ancient person is not had have also, the scholar also. Reason look look is inferior to regarding a heart, be inferior to choose art by the heart; Form deeply heart, heart deeply art; Art and the heart is suitable, criterion although look look is evil and intention be apt to, harmless for gentleman also. Look look although be apt to and intention is evil, harmless for Lilliputian also. Of gentleman call auspicious, of Lilliputian call fierce. Reason accident is minor big, look of look of good and evil, blame good or ill luck also. Ancient person is not had have also, the scholar also. Gai Diyao is long, di Shun is short; Article king is long, zhou Gong is short; Zhong Ni is long, child bend is short. Former times person defend sharp public official to say a surname Lv, height 7 feet, the face grows 3 foot, yan Ansan inch, look ear is provided nasally, and the name changes the world. The Sun Shuao of Hunan, period those who think of me also, dash forward bald long left, a small room than below, and with Hunan bully. Foliaceous son of a feudal prince or high official is high, tiny short barren, travel if will deeply its garment like that. Bai Gongzhi is random also, your Yin Zi on the west, sima Ziji, all dead Yan, foliaceous childe is entered high according to Hunan, kill is white fair, decide Hunan country, be like backhand Er, ren Yigong name is good at later ages. The story is not put long, not is big, do not counterpoise weight, also annals Er. Accident size, look of beautiful evil look, talk also! And the shape of Xu cease king, eye but look up horse. Zhong Ni's shape, if the face cheats . Zhougong's shape, if the body breaks Qia . Gao Tao's shape, if color cuts melon. The shape that Hong tenders, the face is not had see skin. Fushui's shape, be like establish fim personally. Yi Yin's shape, the face is beardless elk. The reputed founder of the Ix Dynasty jumps soup slants. Yao and Shun joins Mou Zi. Follower will discuss annals idea, comparison literature evil? Will differ accident continuously, differentiate beauty is evil, and is photograph bully proud unhealthy environmental influences that cause disease? Gu Zhejie name of the last ruler of the Shang Dynasty reputedly a tyrant grows Ju Jiaomei, of the world outstanding also. Biceps is stronger, of 100 people enemy also, die personally however the country dies, for the world big , later ages character is evil, need Ji Yan. Of dispute appearance suffer from also, wen Jianzhi is not numerous, eristic low Er. The random gentleman of this age common, the Xuan of country music child, yao of beauty of there's no one who doesn't or isn't seductivelies dressed or made up, strange garment Fu is acted the role of, manner of courage and uprightness drafts at the woman; Woman there's no one who doesn't or isn't wishs to be able to be a husband, maiden there's no one who doesn't or isn't wishs to be able to be person, abandon its relatives by marriage and be about to run quickly person, compare a shoulder and rise; However in gentleman be ashamed thinks official, father be ashamed thinks in child, elder brother be ashamed thinks in younger brother, go-between be ashamed feels friendly; Russian criterion bundle have department, and join big city, there's no one who doesn't or isn't breathes out day cry, suffering hurts his today, after that regret its only then, of dispute appearance suffer from also, wen Jianzhi is not numerous, eristic low Er! In that case, follower will who but also! The person has 3 bodeful: Young and do not agree the issue is senior, cheap and do not agree the work is expensive, unworthy and do not agree thing virtuous, be a person is bodeful also. The person has 3 to need poor: Fall to go up to cannot love, for next good blame its go up, it is one of people need poor also; Countryside is like, of criterion deceive, be a person surely poor also; Knowing and doing is dilettante, right and wrong has with photograph county, however benevolence person cannot be pushed, know person cannot bright, be a person surely poor also. - - the person that the person has these three, think go up to high surely, destroy surely to fall. The poem says: " of pluvial snow , banquet like that Yu disappear, mo Ken issues Sui, type is resided repeatedly arrogant. " this call also. The person that is the person a person why already also? Say: Have differentiate with its also. Be hungry and be about to feed, cold and be about to warm, fatigue and be about to cease, good profit and evil kill, the place that is a person is born and have also, it is to not have wait for and like that person also, the place that is Yu Jie is the same as also. The person that person ining that case is a person, blame is special with 2 sufficient and without Mao Ye, have differentiate with its also. Today appearance of husband also 2 sufficient and without Mao Ye, however gentleman sips its a thick soup, feed its Man . The person that old friend is a person, blame is special with secondly sufficient and without Mao Ye, have differentiate with its also. Husband birds and beasts has father and son, and those who do not have father and son is close, have female male and do not have a men and women not. There's no one who doesn't or isn't of old friend path has differentiate. Differentiate not is more than cent, divide greatest Yu Li, the ceremony not is more than holy king; Holy king has 100, yan of my what law? Say: Article is long and destroy, section a group of things with common features is long and absolutely, of abide by the law number have department, extremely ceremony and strip. Friend says: What be about to watch holy king is slash, criterion at its bright person, hind king be also. The Wang Zhe after those, the gentleman of the world also; The Wang Erdao after abandoning is antediluvian, of example is to still abandon personal gentleman, and the gentleman of thing person also. Friend says: Be about to watch 1000 years old, count now; Be about to know millions upon millions, criterion careful just a little; Be about to know to go up world, criterion careful week talk; Desire careful week talk, criterion careful expensive gentleman of its person place. Friend says: Up to knows far, with knowing 10 thousand, with small know bright, this call also. The husband ans ignorant and presumptuous person: "Affection of Gu Jin different, different of the person that its treat chaos so. " and Yan of everybody be puzzled. Those everybody person, I and without say, humble and excessive person also. What its see Yan, still all right bully also, and besides at 1000 worlds pass also? The person that an ignorant and presumptuous person, between door front courtyard, still all right accuse falsely bully also, and besides on 1000 worlds? Sage why not easily bullied? Say: Sage person, with the personal person that spend also. Reason spends a person with the person, spend affection with affection, with kind degree kind, in order to say degree of result, watch in order to, gu Jin one also. Kind do not be contrary to, although long manage together, birthplace music of unhealthy environmental influences that cause disease and do not confuse, view sundry and not be puzzled, with this degree. Do not have besides 5 emperor send a person, blame without a person of virtue also, long reason also. Do not have in 5 emperor pass politics, blame do not have politics of be apt to also, long reason also. Shang Youchuan of the reputed founder of the Ix Dynasty politics and do not be like Zhou Zhi examine also, blame do not have politics of be apt to also, long reason also. The person that pass is long talk slightly, talk minute nearly, lift slightly big, detailed is lifted small. I person Wen Jilue and do not know its minute, hear its detailed and do not know its big also. Be destroy with Wen Jiu, section a group of things with common features is long and absolutely. Fan Yan shoulds not first king, do not arrange ceremony justice, calling evil character; Although argue, gentleman does not listen. Law first king, arrange ceremony justice, party learned man, however bad character, not happy character, be not surely sincere person also. The Yu Yan of reason gentleman also, will is good, install all right, of Le Yan, reason gentleman needs argue. Good word of laic there's no one who doesn't or isn't its place be apt to, and gentleman is very. Reason gives a person with character, overweight metals and stone-a symbol of hardness and strength bead jade; View person with character, beautiful at decorative pattern article; Listen to a person with character, be happy Zhong Guqin a twenty-five-stringed plucked instrument. The Yu Yan of reason gentleman does not have be disgusted with. Low husband is instead: Good actually not compensate its article, be with lifelong and unavoidable Pi corrupt commission common. Friend says easily: "Draw together bursa does not have Jiu Moyu. " of pedantic scholar call also. What every says is difficult, down to is encountered high to low, down to is treated receive to chaos. Cannot till also, far lift ill Miao, recent ill commission. Be apt to person then also, yi Biyuan is lifted and not Miao, recent and not commission, with when migrate, with the world cease is admired, emergency a surname inadequates, government office is like Gua of canal like that at oneself also. Music gets alleged Yan, do not fold however. Degree of oneself criterion of reason gentleman with the rope, receive a person to use . Degree oneself with the rope, reason enough is the world law; Receive a person to use , reason can be good-tempered, because of numerous the major issue that leaves with all day long. Reason gentleman virtuous and can allow, know and can allow I, rich and can allow shallow, pure and can allow miscellaneous, the husband is call hold art concurrently. The poem says: "Xu Fang is the same as already, the result of the emperor. " this call also. Talk about saying method: Of pity Zhuang Yili, duan Cheng with be in, firm with holding, example says with Yu Zhi, part with bright, glad Zuo fragrance Xiang with sending, of treasure, of precious, expensive, magical. Say constant all without exception suffers so. Although do not say a person, person there's no one who doesn't or isn't is expensive. The husband is call for can expensive its place is expensive. Pass: "Only gentleman is can expensive its place is expensive. " this call also. Gentleman needs argue. Good word of laic there's no one who doesn't or isn't its place be apt to, and gentleman is very Yan. Be with defile of Lilliputian argue word, and gentleman argue Yan Ren also. Character and rather than benevolence in also, criterion its character is not like its silent also, its argue is not like its also. In Yan Erren also, good word person go up, bad character person below also. Reason benevolence talk is big: So on result at falling, government order is also; Result falls to devoted to so, seek saving is also. The travel of reason gentleman benevolence good without be disgusted with, annals also, travel An Zhi, of Le Yan; Reason character gentleman needs argue. Little debate is inferior to seeing end, see end is inferior to seeing one's duty. Little debate and examine, see end and bright, devoir and manage; The cent of holy personage gentleman is provided. The person that have the debate of Lilliputian, have person the argue of gentleman person, the person that have the sage's debate: Not first Lv, seek not early, of hair and when, existing writings and kind, house fault migrates, meet an emergency is not poor, the argue that is a sage person also. First of Lv, seek early, this the character of the beard and sufficient listen, civil and send solid, rich and party, be person the argue of gentleman person also. Listen to its argue of character criterion demit and without all, with its body much bluff somebody into giving information and without result, bright king can't be arranged on, can't mix below neat common people, however of talking around all, should only criterion section, enough falls on his back for strange Wei however belong to, the husband is call the hero of serpent. Holy king rises, put to death first so also, next bandits take second place. Bandits must change, this must not change also. |
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