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卷六十三·老子韩非列传第三_史记

  老子者,楚苦县厉乡曲仁里人也,姓李氏,名耳,字摐,周守藏室之史也。

 
  孔子適周,将问礼於老子。老子曰:“子所言者,其人与骨皆已朽矣,独其言在耳。且君子得其时则驾,不得其时则蓬累而行。吾闻之,良贾深藏若虚,君子盛德容貌若愚。去子之骄气与多欲,态色与淫志,是皆无益於子之身。吾所以告子,若是而已。”孔子去,谓弟子曰:“鸟,吾知其能飞;鱼,吾知其能游;兽,吾知其能走。走者可以为罔,游者可以为纶,飞者可以为矰。至於龙,吾不能知其乘风云而上天。吾今日见老子,其犹龙邪!”
 
  老子脩道德,其学以自隐无名为务。居周久之,见周之衰,乃遂去。至关,关令尹喜曰:“子将隐矣,彊为我著书。”於是老子乃著书上下篇,言道德之意五千馀言而去,莫知其所终。
 
  或曰:老莱子亦楚人也,著书十五篇,言道家之用,与孔子同时云。
 
  盖老子百有六十馀岁,或言二百馀岁,以其脩道而养寿也。
 
  自孔子死之後百二十九年,而史记周太史儋见秦献公曰:“始秦与周合,合五百岁而离,离七十岁而霸王者出焉。”或曰儋即老子,或曰非也,世莫知其然否。老子,隐君子也。
 
  老子之子名宗,宗为魏将,封於段干。宗子注,注子宫,宫玄孙假,假仕於汉孝文帝。而假之子解为胶西王卬太傅,因家于齐焉。
 
  世之学老子者则绌儒学,儒学亦绌老子。“道不同不相为谋”,岂谓是邪?李耳无为自化,清静自正。
 
  庄子者,蒙人也,名周。周尝为蒙漆园吏,与梁惠王、齐宣王同时。其学无所不闚,然其要本归於老子之言。故其著书十馀万言,大抵率寓言也。作渔父、盗跖、胠箧,以诋訿孔子之徒,以明老子之术。畏累虚、亢桑子之属,皆空语无事实。然善属书离辞,指事类情,用剽剥儒、墨,虽当世宿学不能自解免也。其言洸洋自恣以適己,故自王公大人不能器之。
 
  楚威王闻庄周贤,使使厚币迎之,许以为相。庄周笑谓楚使者曰:“千金,重利;卿相,尊位也。子独不见郊祭之牺牛乎?养食之数岁,衣以文绣,以入大庙。当是之时,虽欲为孤豚,岂可得乎?子亟去,无污我。我宁游戏污渎之中自快,无为有国者所羁,终身不仕,以快吾志焉。”
 
  申不害者,京人也,故郑之贱臣。学术以干韩昭侯,昭侯用为相。内脩政教,外应诸侯,十五年。终申子之身,国治兵彊,无侵韩者。
 
  申子之学本於黄老而主刑名。著书二篇,号曰申子。
 
  韩非者,韩之诸公子也。喜刑名法术之学,而其归本於黄老。非为人口吃,不能道说,而善著书。与李斯俱事荀卿,斯自以为不如非。
 
  非见韩之削弱,数以书谏韩王,韩王不能用。於是韩非疾治国不务脩明其法制,执势以御其臣下,富国彊兵而以求人任贤,反举浮淫之蠹而加之於功实之上。以为儒者用文乱法,而侠者以武犯禁。宽则宠名誉之人,急则用介胄之士。今者所养非所用,所用非所养。悲廉直不容於邪枉之臣,观往者得失之变,故作孤愤、五蠹、内外储、说林、说难十馀万言。
 
  然韩非知说之难,为说难书甚具,终死於秦,不能自脱。
 
  说难曰:
 
  凡说之难,非吾知之有以说之难也;又非吾辩之难能明吾意之难也;又非吾敢横失能尽之难也。凡说之难,在知所说之心,可以吾说当之。
 
  所说出於为名高者也,而说之以厚利,则见下节而遇卑贱,必弃远矣。所说出於厚利者也。而说之以名高,则见无心而远事情,必不收矣。所说实为厚利而显为名高者也,而说之以名高,则阳收其身而实疏之;若说之以厚利,则阴用其言而显弃其身。此之不可不知也。
 
  夫事以密成,语以泄败。未必其身泄之也,而语及其所匿之事,如是者身危。贵人有过端,而说者明言善议以推其恶者,则身危。周泽未渥也而语极知,说行而有功则德亡,说不行而有败则见疑,如是者身危。夫贵人得计而欲自以为功,说者与知焉,则身危。彼显有所出事,乃自以为也故,说者与知焉,则身危。彊之以其所必不为,止之以其所不能已者,身危。故曰:与之论大人,则以为间己;与之论细人,则以为粥权。论其所爱,则以为借资;论其所憎,则以为尝己。径省其辞,则不知而屈之;汎滥博文,则多而久之。顺事陈意,则曰怯懦而不尽;虑事广肆,则曰草野而倨侮。此说之难,不可不知也。
 
  凡说之务,在知饰所说之所敬,而灭其所丑。彼自知其计,则毋以其失穷之;自勇其断,则毋以其敌怒之;自多其力,则毋以其难概之。规异事与同计,誉异人与同行者,则以饰之无伤也。有与同失者,则明饰其无失也。大忠无所拂悟,辞言无所击排,乃後申其辩知焉。此所以亲近不疑,知尽之难也。得旷日弥久,而周泽既渥,深计而不疑,交争而不罪,乃明计利害以致其功,直指是非以饰其身,以此相持,此说之成也。
 
  伊尹为庖,百里奚为虏,皆所由干其上也。故此二子者,皆圣人也,犹不能无役身而涉世如此其汙也,则非能仕之所设也。
 
  宋有富人,天雨墙坏。其子曰“不筑且有盗”,其邻人之父亦云,暮而果大亡其财,其家甚知其子而疑邻人之父。昔者郑武公欲伐胡,乃以其子妻之。因问群臣曰:“吾欲用兵,谁可伐者?”关其思曰:“胡可伐。”乃戮关其思,曰:“胡,兄弟之国也,子言伐之,何也?”胡君闻之,以郑为亲己而不备郑。郑人袭胡,取之。此二说者,其知皆当矣,然而甚者为戮,薄者见疑。非知之难也,处知则难矣。
 
  昔者弥子瑕见爱於卫君。卫国之法,窃驾君车者罪至刖。既而弥子之母病,人闻,往夜告之,弥子矫驾君车而出。君闻之而贤之曰:“孝哉,为母之故而犯刖罪!”与君游果园,弥子食桃而甘,不尽而奉君。君曰:“爱我哉,忘其口而念我!”及弥子色衰而爱弛,得罪於君。君曰:“是尝矫驾吾车,又尝食我以其馀桃。”故弥子之行未变於初也,前见贤而後获罪者,爱憎之至变也。故有爱於主,则知当而加亲;见憎於主,则罪当而加疏。故谏说之士不可不察爱憎之主而後说之矣。
 
  夫龙之为蟲也,可扰狎而骑也。然其喉下有逆鳞径尺,人有婴之,则必杀人。人主亦有逆鳞,说之者能无婴人主之逆鳞,则几矣。
 
  人或传其书至秦。秦王见孤愤、五蠹之书,曰:“嗟乎,寡人得见此人与之游,死不恨矣!”李斯曰:“此韩非之所著书也。”秦因急攻韩。韩王始不用非,及急,乃遣非使秦。秦王悦之,未信用。李斯、姚贾害之,毁之曰:“韩非,韩之诸公子也。今王欲并诸侯,非终为韩不为秦,此人之情也。今王不用,久留而归之,此自遗患也,不如以过法诛之。”秦王以为然,下吏治非。李斯使人遗非药,使自杀。韩非欲自陈,不得见。秦王後悔之,使人赦之,非已死矣。
 
  申子、韩子皆著书,传於後世,学者多有。余独悲韩子为说难而不能自脱耳。
 
  太史公曰:老子所贵道,虚无,因应变化於无为,故著书辞称微妙难识。庄子散道德,放论,要亦归之自然。申子卑卑,施之於名实。韩子引绳墨,切事情,明是非,其极惨礉少恩。皆原於道德之意,而老子深远矣。
 
  伯阳立教,清净无为。道尊东鲁,迹窜西垂。庄蒙栩栩,申害卑卑。刑名有术,说难极知。悲彼周防,终亡李斯。
 

  • New Sinology Title:
    Roll Han of 63 · father is not biographies the 3rd _ history write down

    New Sinology Chapter:
    Roll Han of 63 · father is not biographies the 3rd

    New Sinology BookName:
    History write down

    New Sinology Catalog:
    History ministry

    New Sinology Content:

    Father person, the person in Qu Ren of countryside of severe of Hunan bitter county also, surname Li, renown ear, word , of Zhou Shoucang room history also.

     
    Confucius Zuo week, will ask a gift at father. Father says: "Child place character person, its person and bone all already decayed, alone its character is in ear. And gentleman gets meantime to be driven, must not meantime criterion bitter fleabane is tired and row. I hears, tibet of fine Gu Shen is like empty, gentleman fills heart appearance to be like I. Go child arrogance and much desire, voice quality and excessive annals, it is the body of all profitless Wuzi. I is accused so child, if just. " Confucius goes, call child says: "Bird, I knows its to be able to fly; Fish, I knows its to be able to swim; Animal, I knows its to be able to go. The person that go can think not, the person that swim can be black silk ribbon, the person that fly can be Chang . To Wu Long, I cannot know to its take wind and cloud-a stormy or unstable situation and go up to the sky. See father I now, evil of its You Long! Evil of its You Long!!
     
    Father Man morality, its learn with from concealed anonymous for Wu. Of Ju Zhoujiu, see Zhou Zhi decline, go then therefore. To close, guan Lingyin is fond of: "Child concealed, writes a book for me. " at it is father is the fluctuation that write a book piece, yan Daode's meaning 5000 Yu character and go, not know its place eventually.
     
    Or say: Old Lai child Yi Chu's person also, write a book 15, of character Taoist school with, with Confucius at the same time the cloud.
     
    100 have lid father 60 Yu year old, or character 200 Yu year old, with its Man and raise age also.
     
    The after that dies from Confucius 129 years, and history write down Dan of Zhou Tai history to see Qin Xian is fair say: "Only then Qin Yuzhou closes, close 500 years old and leave, from 70 years old Xiang Yu the Conqueror person give Yan. " or say Dan namely father, or say blame also, the world not knows his to be denied like that. Father, concealed gentleman also.
     
    Of father child name an administrative unit in Xizang, ancestor for Wei Jiang, seal Wu Duan to work. Zong Zi is noted, note an uterus, palace great-great-grandson is false, xiao Wendi of false Shi Wuhan. And false child solution is glue on the west king too teach, because of domestic Yu Qiyan.
     
    The person learn father of the world inadequates Confucianism learn, confucianism learn to also inadequate father. "The method is different do not be seek " , is calling unhealthy environmental influences that cause disease? Li Er is do-nothing change oneself, quiet from.
     
    Village person, unconscious person also, renown week. Zhou Changwei cheats lacquer garden official, when Wang Tong of king, as neat as Liang Hui announce. Its learn not to have place not Zuo , like that its should put in the character at father 's charge originally. Its write reason book 10 thousand character of 10 Yu, lead allegory in the main also. Zhi of the father that make fishing, pilfer, Man smalls suitcase, in order to slander the apprentice of Yu Confucius, the art with bright father. Sang Zizhi of Wei tired empty, excessive is belonged to, all empty set phrase does not have a fact. Like that be apt to belongs to a book to leave a type of classical Chinese literature, self-explanatory characters kind affection, pare with nimble Confucianism, Chinese ink, although when the world constellation learns,cannot avoid from solution also. Its character is foreign from do as one pleases with Zuo oneself,
     
    Hunan power king hears Zhuang Zhouxian, make thickening money is greeted, make think. Zhuangzhou laugh calls Hunan emissary says: "A thousand pieces of gold, great profit; Qing Xiang, honour also. Child is the sacrifice that does not see outskirt hold a memorial ceremony for alone arrogant? Raise feed year old, yi Yiwen embroider, in order to join big temple. Should be when, although be about to be Gu pig, can be you gotten? Child earnestly goes, without corrupt I. My peace game is unhallowed in from fast, do-nothing place of the person that have a state bridles, lifelong not be an official, with fast my annals Yan. With fast my annals Yan..
     
    Explain the person that do not kill, beijing person also, the cheap official of reason Zheng. Learning in order to do Han clear Hou, clear Hou Yongwei photograph. Man politics teachs inside, answer outside vassal, 15 years. Eventually Shen Zizhi body, guo Zhibing , without the person that invade Han.
     
    Shen Zizhi learns a Wu Huang old and principal penalty name. Write a book 2, number says Shen Zi.
     
    The person that Han is not, all childe of Han also. Name happy punishment of magic arts learn, and its put in a Wu Huang 's charge old. Be not humanness impediment, cannot say, and be apt to writes a book. With Xun Qing of thing of Li Si all, this flatter oneself is inferior to be not.
     
    Be not those who see Han to weaken, number remonstrates with with the book Han Wang, han Wang cannot be used. At it is manage state affairs of Han Fei disease not Wu Man bright its legal system, hold situation with drive its are liege, arms of rich nation and Ren Xian of person of in an attempt to, the moth that lifts float excessive instead and over fact of together with Wu Gong. Think Confucianism person with article random method, and a person adept in martial arts and given to chivalrous conduct person with fierce violate a ban. Wide the person that bestows favor on reputation, use Jie Zhou urgently person. Today person what raise blame place to use, place is raised with blame place. Bei cheap nots allow continuously the official at crooked of unhealthy environmental influences that cause disease, watch gain and loss of the person that go to change,
     
    Like that what Han Fei knows to say is difficult, to say difficult book is provided very, die eventually Wu Qin, cannot take off oneself.
     
    Say to say hard:
     
    What every says is difficult, be not what I knows to have with saying difficult also; What be not my argue again is difficult can of Ming Wu meaning difficult also; Be not me again dare the horizontal stroke is broken what can use up is difficult also. What every says is difficult, in the heart that knows to say, can I says to become.
     
    What speak Wu Wei the name is tall person also, and those who say with large interest, see next red-letter days and encounter humbleness, abandon surely far. The person that what speak Wu Houli also. And those who say with the name tall, see inadvertently and far thing, do not close surely. Be said solid show for large interest for the name tall person also, and say with the name tall, in relief receive its body and fact is scanty; If say with large interest, shade uses its word and show abandon its body. This cannot not know also.
     
    Husband work with be being become closely, language be defeated with discharge. May not of its body discharge also, and the thing of language and its place conceal, so person high personally. Noble has had end, and professed be apt to discusses the person that say in order to push its evil person, high personally. Zhou Ze did not wet also and language pole knows, say to go and heart of criterion of have rendered great service dies, say to be no good and have be defeated to see doubt, so person high personally. Husband noble succeed in one's scheme and desire flatter oneself result, the person that say and know Yan, high personally. Those is shown have an accident somewhat, it is flatter oneself also reason, the person that say and know Yan, high personally. Of with its place is surely, stop with its place cannot already person, high personally. Friend says: Talk adult to it, think an oneself; Consider fine person to it, think congee counterpoises. Be loved by its, think borrow endowment; Talk its place abhor, think taste oneself. Diameter saves its demit, do not know and bend; Article of excessive rich, much and for a long time. The Chen Yi that arrange an issue, say timid and endless; Lv work wide shop, say grass is wild and haughtying bully. What this says is difficult, cannot not know also.
     
    The Wu that every says, respect in the place that knows to act the role of place to say, and destroy its place is ugly. Those knows oneself its plan, not break end with its; From brave its are broken, criterion Wu Yiji of enemy anger; From Duojili, criterion Wu Yiji is difficult without exception. Compasses different thing and with plan, praise surprise person and the person that travel together, criterion with acting the role of without the injury also. Have with the person that break together, criterion bright act the role of its to not have break also. Big faithful the stroke that do not have place is realized, demit character attacks a platoon without place, it is after explain its argue knows Yan. This is close to so not doubt, those who know is difficult also. Kuang Rimi is long, and Zhou Ze wets already, deep plan and not doubt, hand in contend for and not blame, therefore bright plan terrible as a result its result, point to dispute continuously in order to act the role of its body, with this be locked in a stalemate, this says into also.
     
    Yi Yin is cook, why is a hunderd li captive, all by do its to go up also. Reason this 2 child person, all sage also, still cannot not have labor body and experience life is such its also, be not can the place of be an official is set also.
     
    The Song Dynasty has wealthy person, day rain wall is bad. Its child say " do not build and have thief " , the father Yi Yun of its adjacent person, dusk and die greatly if really its money, its home knows his very child and the father of doubt adjacent person. Former times person Zheng Wu is fair desire cut down is introduced from the northern and western nationalities or from abroad, therefore with its child wife. Because ask group of official to say: "I desire resort to arms, who but cut down person? " Guan Jisai says: "Hu Ke cut down. " Guan Jisai you join, say: "Introduced from the northern and western nationalities or from abroad, brotherly country also, child of word strike, he Ye? " of introduced from the northern and western nationalities or from abroad Jun Wen, be close oneself with Zheng and unprepared Zheng. Zheng Ren raids moustache, take. This 2 person that say, its know to all be become, however very person for join, thin person see doubt. Blame those who know is difficult also, place it is difficult to know.
     
    Former times person Mi Zixia sees love Wu Weijun. Defend national law, blame of the person that steal the car that drive gentleman comes cutting of the feet. Mi Zizhi's mother is subsequently ill, the person is heard, accuse toward night, mi Zijiao drives gentleman car and piece. Of Jun Wen and virtuous say: "Xiao Zai, those who be a mother commit crime of cutting of the feet so! " with Jun You orchard, cover child eat a peach-shaped thing and pleasant, endless and Feng Jun. Jun Yue: "Love me, forget its mouth and read aloud me! " reach cover child color declines and love relax, displease Wu Jun. Jun Yue: "It is to taste Jiao Jiawu car, taste again feed me with its Yu peach. " reason Mi Zizhi did not change all right Wu Chu also, see before virtuous and the person that after obtains a blame, of love and hate to change also. Reason has love at advocate, know to become and add close; See abhor at advocate, the blame is become and add scanty. Reason expostulate with says person cannot not of examine love and hate advocate and after says.
     
    Husband Long Zhi is Xi also, but faze be improperly familiar with and ride also. There is foot of the diameter that go against scale below its larynx like that, the person has baby, commit murder surely. Person advocate also have go against scale, say person can not have baby person advocate go against scale, criterion a few.
     
    Person or send its book to the Qin Dynasty. Qin Wang sees the book of Gu anger, 5 moth, say: "Lament, the sovereign must see this person swims to it, absolutely refuse to to hate! " Li Si says: "The place that this Han is not writes a book also. " Qin Yin attacks Han urgently. Han Wang Shi need not is not, reach urgent, blame you dispatch makes the Qin Dynasty. Of Qin Wangyue, not credit. Li Si, Yao merchant kills, destroy say: "Han Fei, all childe of Han also. Today Wang Yubing is vassal, blame do not be the Qin Dynasty for Han eventually, the affection of this person also. Today king need not, long stay and return, this suffers from from involuntary discharge of urine also, be inferior to putting to death in order to pass a law. " Qin Wang thinks like that, next official are treated blame. Li Si makes person involuntary discharge of urine is not medicine, make commit suicide. Han Fei desire from old, must not see. Of repent of king of the Qin Dynasty, make of person condone, blame is dead already.
     
    Shen Zi, Han Zi all writes a book, pass at later generations, the scholar has more. Bei Han Zi is Yu Du it is difficult to say and cannot take off ear oneself.
     
    Too history fair say: Father place expensive path, windy, because meet an emergency changes Wu Mo to be, reason writes book demit to say delicate troublesome sign. Village comes loose morality, put theory, want the nature that also returns. Shen Zi low, the Wu Ming that apply is solid. Han Zi brings carpenter's line marker, cut a business, bright dispute, its are extremely miserable Chu little favor. The meaning of all former Wu Daode, and father is far-reaching.
     
    Bai Yang stands religion, kosher and do-nothing. Path honour Dong Lu, slash change hangs down on the west. The village cheats vivid, explain kill low. Punishment name has method, say to know extremely hard. Bei those week is prevented, die eventually Li Si.
     
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